{"id":22811,"date":"2026-04-01T11:04:39","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T09:04:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/?p=22811"},"modified":"2026-04-01T11:05:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T09:05:07","slug":"the-myth-still-exists","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/en\/the-myth-still-exists\/","title":{"rendered":"The Myth Still Exists"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>The myth still exists<\/em>, writes Mark Rothko in that solitary narrative trace entitled <em>The Artist\u2019s Reality<\/em>, the manuscript published thirty-four years after the artist\u2019s death and edited by Christopher Rothko <strong>(C. Rothko ed., <em>The Artist\u2019s Reality. Philosophies of Art<\/em>, Yale University Press, New Haven &amp; London, 2004)<\/strong>. Buried among the papers of an endless legal dispute, hidden in a folder innocuously labelled \u201cMiscellaneous papers,\u201d <em>The Artist\u2019s Reality<\/em> reveals in fact nothing about Rothko the artist: no substantial autobiographical indications. One can barely identify a hypothetical milieu of writing: the early 1940s. This is inferred simply because, on the verso of one page of the manuscript, Rothko typed the draft of a letter dated 23 March 1943. A terminus <em>ante quem<\/em>, a \u201cbefore,\u201d as philologists would say.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The myth, then, somewhere in time, in the midst of global conflict, was still alive\u2014above all because of its peculiar capacity, which Rothko attributes exclusively to the Greeks, to represent the quality of the invisible, of that which we cannot comprehend: <em>the quality of the unknown<\/em>. Greek art itself would, by its very nature, be a process of re-emergence from the depths: a way of giving form to those spectral images that settle in the muddy strata of the soul and that constitute the shape we give to the gods. This act of resurfacing would also define the contemporary artist: visions and representations become a means of giving material concreteness and visual intensity to the deep needs that inhabit the soul of every generation <strong>(<em>The Portrait and the Modern Artist<\/em>, 13 October 1943, interview with Adolf Gottlieb and Mark Rothko)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>James Breslin, Rothko\u2019s biographer, reports\u2014albeit with some scepticism\u2014the rumour that the artist declared his intention to suspend his artistic production for an entire year, in 1940, in order to devote himself exclusively to the study of myth and philosophy <strong>(<em>Rothko. A Biography<\/em>, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago &amp; London, 1993)<\/strong>. It is difficult to determine whether Rothko actually followed through on this intention; certainly, in that ominous early phase of the decade, he was reading Freud\u2019s <em>The Interpretation of Dreams<\/em> (1899), Nietzsche\u2019s <em>The Birth of Tragedy<\/em> (1872), and James Frazer\u2019s <em>The Golden Bough<\/em>, first published in 1890 but still highly popular in 1940s New York\u2014so much so as to top bestseller lists, alongside, it must be said, <em>Mein Kampf<\/em>. Frazer, the father of the anthropology of the ancient world, died in Cambridge in 1941: he was also, without doubt, the theorist of emotional survivals, of myth and belief understood as emergent traces of something hidden and partly secret\u2014of a kind of world-soul, prehistoric, perhaps ahistorical and therefore ever-present, destined continually to ripple at the surface, revealing the invisible buried in depth across different historical periods and contexts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Together with Frazer, his friend Adolf Gottlieb, and of course the Nietzschean dictum, Rothko shared the idea of an eternal return to myth not as refuge or escape from reality, but as its opposite. <em>Anyone who believes that the world of today is in some way gentler and more refined than the universe of primal and ravenous passions from which these myths arise is either unaware of reality or unwilling to see it in art<\/em> <strong>(<em>The Portrait and the Modern Artist<\/em>, cit.)<\/strong>. Mythology\u2014particularly that of the Greeks, though not exclusively\u2014thus allows for a more vivid, more intense focus on reality. <br>And reality, without doubt, is now called war.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"704\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/The-Omen-of-the-Eagle-704x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22785\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.6875057222205267;width:549px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/The-Omen-of-the-Eagle-704x1024.jpg 704w, https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/The-Omen-of-the-Eagle-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/The-Omen-of-the-Eagle-768x1117.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/The-Omen-of-the-Eagle.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mark Rothko, <em>The Omen of the Eagle<\/em>, 1942, Washington, National Gallery of Art, \u00a9 1998 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>On 7 December 1942, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York made its twenty-eight galleries and a considerable budget available for an exhibition entitled &#8220;Artists for Victory&#8221;. The vast spaces were emptied of masterpieces which, at the outbreak of war, had been moved to the safety of underground storage. It was, in any case, a revolution for the Metropolitan, which until then had been reluctant to exhibit contemporary artists, especially Americans <strong>(<em>Rothko. A Biography<\/em>, cit.)<\/strong>; it had also been unthinkable, only months earlier, to imagine art serving wartime propaganda. <br>Rothko and Gottlieb, along with many other artists, responded polemically to the Metropolitan\u2019s initiative by participating in two \u201cprotest exhibitions\u201d organised in close succession to &#8220;Artists for Victory&#8221; in January\u2013February 1943. On that occasion, Rothko exhibited several mythological works, including <em>A Last Supper<\/em>, <em>The Eagle and the Hare<\/em>, <em>Iphigenia and the Sea<\/em>, and <em>The Omen of the Eagle<\/em>, partly inspired by the saga of the Atreidae and thus by Aeschylus\u2019 <em>Oresteia<\/em>.<br>Some mythological works, such as <em>Antigone<\/em> and <em>Oedipus<\/em>, had already been shown on the eighth floor of Macy\u2019s in January 1942, as part of a commercial exhibition devoted to contemporary American painting. However, it was only a year later that Rothko refined, through the loosely connected trilogy <em>The Eagle and the Hare<\/em>, <em>Iphigenia and the Sea<\/em>, and <em>The Omen of the Eagle<\/em>, his project of fusing the archetypal, ancestral, eternal dimension of myth with the <em>hic et nunc<\/em> of history. In particular, <em>The Omen of the Eagle<\/em> provides a chromatic proscenium for the famous prophecy that opens Aeschylus\u2019 <em>Agamemnon<\/em> (vv. 113\u2013134).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The chorus has just entered with solemn steps when the sky of the verses opens to reveal the flight of two eagles, one white and one black, arriving from the \u201cfavourable\u201d side\u2014that from which weapons are customarily raised, that is, from the right. Defined in the tragic text as \u201ckings of the air,\u201d they descend from the heavens and devour a hare heavy with young. A mournful song then rises in the ancient cavea of the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens, which likely hosted the performance of the <em>Oresteia<\/em> in 458 BCE: the hare is sacred to Artemis, and the eagles\u2019 violence may displease Apollo. Divine favour is not guaranteed. The omen is nevertheless favourable, though stained with blood. The eagles are the Atreidae, and the hare, naturally, is the enemy Troy, repository of wealth. At the same time, the omen evokes the sacrifice of the \u201chare\u201d Iphigenia, immolated by her father Agamemnon <em>at the Sea<\/em>, in the Gulf of Aulis, so that the vast array of Achaean ships might catch the winds needed to reach Troy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Omen of the Eagle<\/em> is divided into horizontal bands according to a schema not unfamiliar in Rothko\u2019s early 1940s painting. It is also, inevitably, connected to the public representation of myth in Greek art which, at least since the Parthenon frieze, is structured in hierarchical registers accommodating gods, heroes, and <em>anthropoi<\/em>, reflecting the complexity of a universe in which divinity must both appear and withdraw. The god must project outward\u2014larger, heavier than the human form\u2014yet at the same time present itself to the gaze as an invisible body. The immortals inhabit the upper register in <em>The Omen of the Eagle<\/em>: yellow, radiant, dazzling, arranged in pairs, like the ghostly banqueters of the realm of the dead in Etruscan tombs. Winged motions in blood-red swirls evoke the eagles in one of the central bands; below, perhaps temple-like architectures; and at the bottom, immersed in watery brushstrokes, human feet and animal claws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These are archetypal images, generic slaughters: this is what Rothko suggests. Within this mythic amalgam of gods, humans, birds, and beasts emerges a landscape in which carnage is an archetype that spares no one since the time of the first great war of Western literature, that of the <em>Iliad<\/em>. And yet, just as in 1942, the eagle was a symbol of both Germany and the United States.<br>If here too the artist paints a universal within the detail of the eagle\u2019s wing, it must also be said that the choice of the Atreidae was certainly not accidental. On 3 June 1943, Jean-Paul Sartre staged <em>Les mouches<\/em> (<em>The Flies<\/em>) at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Cit\u00e9 in Vichy-occupied Paris, amidst the stench of refuse and decay: the saga of the Atreidae becomes a means to denounce the moral swamp in which France finds itself, immersed in unease and guilt for its acquiescence to Nazi occupation. The god, unlike in Rothko\u2019s works, makes no attempt to distance himself symbolically from human time, but roams the city of Argos\u2014standing in for Paris\u2014surrounded by flies, insect-like masks of the Erinyes.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"941\" src=\"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/160-DS_08498-\u00a9photoElaBialkowskaOKNOstudio_GIMP.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22789\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.8501569167925875;width:576px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/160-DS_08498-\u00a9photoElaBialkowskaOKNOstudio_GIMP.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/160-DS_08498-\u00a9photoElaBialkowskaOKNOstudio_GIMP-255x300.jpg 255w, https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/160-DS_08498-\u00a9photoElaBialkowskaOKNOstudio_GIMP-768x903.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mark Rothko, <em>Tiresias,<\/em> 1944, \u00a9 1998 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko<br>(<em>Rothko a Firenze<\/em>, exhibition views, Palazzo Strozzi, Firenze, 2026. Photo Ela Bialkowska, OKNO Studio)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In the myth of the <em>Oresteia<\/em>, it was the seer Calchas who interpreted the prodigy of the two eagles, identifying them as Agamemnon and Menelaus and attributing to Troy the semblance of the hare. Another seer emerges on Rothko\u2019s canvas: <em>Tiresias<\/em> (cat.), completed in 1944. Christopher Rothko, in <em>Mark Rothko: Inside the Work<\/em> <strong>(Marsilio, Venice, 2026, p. 265)<\/strong>, recalls how the large canvases <em>Tiresias<\/em> and <em>Rites of Lilith<\/em> belong to a new, intense and passionate phase in the artist\u2019s production, linked to the arrival of Mell\u2014Mary Alice Beistle, Christopher\u2019s mother\u2014into Rothko\u2019s life.<br><em>Tiresias<\/em>, in particular, results from Rothko\u2019s long engagement with the ambiguous and polymorphous figure of the Theban seer. Its duality recalls <em>Oedipus<\/em>, from a few years earlier, and becomes a perfect laboratory for grafting the unfathomable radicality of tragic myth\u2014with Tiresias, like Oedipus, a protagonist\u2014onto biomorphic elements that interweave symbolic and archetypal details such as totemic heads, body fragments, and skeletal masks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Tiresias<\/em> is itself a perfect biomorph: conceived as such from the outset, not only because of the seer\u2019s famed blindness, but because of his unique status in Greek mythology. He alone was granted a double transformation of gender\u2014from male to female and from female back to male\u2014thanks to a single impulsive act: separating, twice, a pair of mating snakes encountered along his path.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Tiresias<\/em> and the floating <em>untitled<\/em> those years represent a necessary completion on the level of mythic narration: the painter, the artist, is now an explorer, an archaeologist of the invisible. It is Sigmund Freud who opens the door to the <em>inner self<\/em>, suggesting the equivalence on which the entire theory of the unconscious is based: the dream world is to the individual what myth has always been to the collective. The same grammar, the same syntax, the same vocabulary. Freud himself acknowledged to his close friend Wilhelm Fliess his debt to Sir Arthur Evans, the discoverer of Minoan civilisation, and the productivity of \u201carchaeological metaphors\u201d in psychoanalysis <strong>(S. Freud, <em>Letters to Wilhelm Fliess<\/em>, 1887\u20131904, Bollati Boringhieri, Turin, 1986, especially 5 July 1896, pp. 478\u2013479)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus for Rothko as well: the artist is now called, like an archaeologist or anthropologist, to dig deep in order to bring to light\u2014through painting\u2014the archetypal traces of myth that lie buried alongside the most secret impulses of the individual. Myth is <em>something real and existing in ourselves<\/em>. Thirty years earlier, Jane Ellen Harrison, the first great female Hellenist, had argued that this is how one must speak of the gods and the sacred: as a powerful emotion experienced individually or collectively, something stronger than the individual and difficult to decipher. Unable to define such an overwhelming emotion or to locate its origin, the believer ultimately surrenders, renounces reason, and calls this unfathomable feeling divinity <strong>(<em>Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion<\/em>, 1912)<\/strong>.<br>Harrison grounded her seminal insights on Greek myth and religion not so much in literary texts as in the \u201cmonuments of ancient Athens,\u201d as well as in the biomorphic and shifting arabesques of William Morris\u2019s fabrics and Pre-Raphaelite painting. <br>Perhaps, then, that ancestral and secret emotion\u2014too powerful for human reason\u2014does not arise solely from proximity to the divine or to myth, but also from the experience of encountering a work of art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.11_NGA_D11046_XBD_GIMP.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-22808\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.11_NGA_D11046_XBD_GIMP.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.11_NGA_D11046_XBD_GIMP-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1.11_NGA_D11046_XBD_GIMP-768x615.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Untitled<\/em>, 1944-1945, Washington, National Gallery of Art, \u00a9 1998 Kate Rothko Prizel and Christopher Rothko<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Silvia Romani<\/strong>, an anthropologist of the ancient world and professor at the University of Milan, explores classical myths and religions through a contemporary and cross-disciplinary perspective. Among her recent works: <em>Saffo. La ragazza di Lesbo<\/em> (2022), <em>La Sicilia degli d\u00e8i<\/em> (2022), <em>Omero. Delle armi e del vero amore<\/em> (2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>On the cover: <em>Rothko a Firenze<\/em>, exhibition views, Palazzo Strozzi, Firenze, 2026. Photo Ela Bialkowska, OKNO Studio<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The myth still exists, writes Mark Rothko in that solitary narrative trace entitled The Artist\u2019s Reality, the manuscript published thirty-four years after the artist\u2019s death and edited by Christopher Rothko (C. Rothko ed., The Artist\u2019s Reality. Philosophies of Art, Yale University Press, New Haven &amp; London, 2004). Buried among the papers of an endless legal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":22813,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"mc4wp_mailchimp_campaign":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[66],"class_list":["post-22811","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-senza-categoria","tag-rothko-a-firenze"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Myth Still Exists &#8211; Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.palazzostrozzi.org\/en\/the-myth-still-exists\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Myth Still Exists &#8211; Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The myth still exists, writes Mark Rothko in that solitary narrative trace entitled The Artist\u2019s Reality, the manuscript published thirty-four years after the artist\u2019s death and edited by Christopher Rothko (C. 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